The Future of Work Reading Answers
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The Future of Work Reading Answers is an IELTS reading topic with 13 questions. This topic has been taken from the book: Cambridge IELTS 10 Student's Book with Answers. The Future of Work Reading Answers is the third and the last part of the reading section. Candidates are allowed 20 minutes to complete the IELTS Reading questions. It is very important to read the passage with utmost attention to answer the questions timely. Candidates can practice topics from IELTS Reading practice papers. These practice papers contains similar topics like The Future of Work Reading Answers.
This topic contains three types of questions. They are: Choose the correct letter, Complete the summary and match the person.
Section 1
Read the passage to answer the following questions
The Future of Work Reading Answers
According to a leading business consultancy, 3-14% of the global workforce will need to switch to a different occupation within the next 10-15 years, and all workers will need to adapt as their occupations evolve alongside increasingly capable machines. Automation – or ‘embodied artificial intelligence’ (AI) – is one aspect of the disruptive effects of technology on the labour market. ‘Disembodied AI’, like the algorithms running in our smartphones, is another.
Dr Stella Pachidi from Cambridge Judge Business School believes that some of the most fundamental changes are happening as a result of the ‘algorithmication’ of jobs that are dependent on data rather than on production – the so-called knowledge economy. Algorithms are capable of learning from data to undertake tasks that previously needed human judgement, such as reading legal contracts, analysing medical scans and gathering market intelligence.
‘In many cases, they can outperform humans,’ says Pachidi. ‘Organisations are attracted to using algorithms because they want to make choices based on what they consider is “perfect information”, as well as to reduce costs and enhance productivity.’
‘But these enhancements are not without consequences,’ says Pachidi. ‘If routine cognitive tasks are taken over by AI, how do professions develop their future experts?’ she asks. ‘One way of learning about a job is “legitimate peripheral participation” – a novice stands next to experts and learns by observation. If this isn’t happening, then you need to find new ways to learn.’
Another issue is the extent to which the technology influences or even controls the workforce. For over two years, Pachidi monitored a telecommunications company. ‘The way telecoms salespeople work is through personal and frequent contact with clients, using the benefit of experience to assess a situation and reach a decision. However, the company had started using a[n] … algorithm that defined when account managers should contact certain customers about which kinds of campaigns and what to offer them.’
The algorithm – usually build by external designers – often becomes the keeper of knowledge, she explains. In cases like this, Pachidi believes, a short-sighted view begins to creep into working practices whereby workers learn through the ‘algorithm’s eyes’ and become dependent on its instructions. Alternative explorations – where experimentation and human instinct lead to progress and new ideas – are effectively discouraged.
Pachidi and colleagues even observed people developing strategies to make the algorithm work to their own advantage. ‘We are seeing cases where workers feed the algorithm with false data to reach their targets,’ she reports.
It’s scenarios like these that many researchers are working to avoid. Their objective is to make AI technologies more trustworthy and transparent, so that organisations and individuals understand how AI decisions are made. In the meantime, says Pachidi, ‘We need to make sure we fully understand the dilemmas that this new world raises regarding expertise, occupational boundaries and control.’
Economist Professor Hamish Low believes that the future of work will involve major transitions across the whole life course for everyone: ‘The traditional trajectory of full-time education followed by full-time work followed by a pensioned retirement is a thing of the past,’ says Low. Instead, he envisages a multistage employment life: one where retraining happens across the life course, and where multiple jobs and no job happen by choice at different stages.
On the subject of job losses, Low believes the predictions are founded on a fallacy: ‘It assumes that the number of jobs is fixed. If in 30 years, half of 100 jobs are being carried out by robots, that doesn’t mean we are left with just 50 jobs for humans. The number of jobs will increase: we would expect there to be 150 jobs.’
Dr Ewan McGaughey, at Cambridge’s Centre for Business Research and King’s College London, agrees that ‘apocalyptic’ views about the future of work are misguided. ‘It’s the laws that restrict the supply of capital to the job market, not the advent of new technologies that causes unemployment.’
His recently published research answers the question of whether automation, AI and robotics will mean a ‘jobless future’ by looking at the causes of unemployment. ‘History is clear that change can mean redundancies. But social policies can tackle this through retraining and redeployment.’
He adds: ‘If there is going to be change to jobs as a result of AI and robotics then I’d like to see governments seizing the opportunity to improve policy to enforce good job security. We can “reprogramme” the law to prepare for a fairer future of work and leisure.’ McGaughey’s findings are a call to arms to leaders of organisations, governments and banks to pre-empt the coming changes with bold new policies that guarantee full employment, fair incomes and a thriving economic democracy.
‘The promises of these new technologies are astounding. They deliver humankind the capacity to live in a way that nobody could have once imagined,’ he adds. ‘Just as the industrial revolution brought people past subsistence agriculture, and the corporate revolution enabled mass production, a third revolution has been pronounced. But it will not only be one of technology. The next revolution will be social.’
Section 2
Solution and Explanation
Questions 27 – 30
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.
- The first paragraph tells us about
- the kinds of jobs that will be most affected by the growth of AI.
- the extent to which AI will after the nature of the work that people do.
- the proportion of the world’s labour force who will have jobs in AI in the future.
- the difference between ways that embodied and disembodied AI with impact on workers.
Answer: B
Supporting Sentence: According to a leading business consultancy, 3-14% of the global workforce will need to switch to a different occupation within the next 10-15 years, and all workers will need to adapt as their occupations evolve alongside increasingly capable machines.
Keyword: switch, different occupation, adapt, workers
Keyword Location: 1st paragraph, 1st sentence
Explanation: The author in the starting lines says that all workers will need to adapt in the next decade or two. This is because their occupations will evolve along with the evolve of capable machines. Hence, it tells us the extent to which AI will affect the occupation or the work that people do.
- According to the second paragraph, what is Stella Pachidi’s view of the ‘knowledge economy’?
- It is having an influence on the number of jobs available.
- It is changing people’s attitudes towards their occupations.
- It is the main reason why the production sector is declining.
- It is a key factor driving current developments in the workplace.
Answer: D
Supporting Sentence: Dr Stella Pachidi from Cambridge Judge Business School believes that some of the most fundamental changes are happening as a result of the ‘algorithmication’ of jobs that are dependent on data rather than on production – the so-called knowledge economy.
Keyword: changes, algorith
Keyword Location: 2nd paragraph, 1st sentence
Explanation: The author states that Algorithms can learn from data to undertake tasks that previously needed human judgement. She also provides examples such as reading legal contracts, analysing medical scans and gathering market intelligence. Hence, algorith or knowledge economy is a factor that is driving developments.
- What did Pachidi observe at the telecommunications company?
- staff disagreeing with the recommendations of AI.
- staff feeling resentful about the intrusion of AI in their work.
- staff making sure that AI produces the results that they want.
- staff allowing AI to carry out tasks they ought to do themselves.
Answer: C
Supporting Sentence: For over two years, Pachidi monitored a telecommunications company.
Keyword: monitored, telecom company
Keyword Location: Fifth paragraph, 2nd sentence.
Explanation: As per the fifth passage, Pachidi watched the telecom company for two years. She noticed that they work through personal and frequent contact with clients, using the benefit of experience to assess a situation and reach a decision. This means that the staff made sure that AI produces the result that they want. Hence, C is the correct answer.
- In his recently published research, Ewan McGaughey
- challenges the idea that redundancy is a negative thing.
- shows the profound effect of mass unemployment on society.
- highlights some differences between past and future job losses.
- illustrates how changes in the job market can be successfully handled.
Answer : D
Supporting Sentence: If there is going to be change to jobs as a result of AI and robotics then I’d like to see governments seizing the opportunity to improve policy to enforce good job security.
Keyword: change to jobs, opportunity, improve
Keyword Location: 11th paragraph, 1st sentence
Explanation: McGaughey states that if AI and robotics can change jobs, he would suggest government to use the same to enforce job security. This means that the change in job market can be handled. So he illustrates that change of AI and robotics in job market can be handled successfully.
Questions 31 – 40
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-G, below.
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 31-34 on your answer sheet.
The ‘algorithmication’ of jobs
Stella Pachidi of Cambridge Judge Business School has been focusing on the ‘algorithmication’ of jobs which rely not on production but on 31 ............................ .
While monitoring a telecommunications company, Pachidi observed a growing 32 ............................ . on the recommendations made by AI, as workers begin to learn through the ‘algorithm’s eyes’. Meanwhile, staff are deterred from experimenting and using their own 33 ............................ ., and are therefore prevented from achieving innovation.
To avoid the kind of situations which Pachidi observed, researchers are trying to make AI’s decision-making process easier to comprehend, and to increase users’ 34 ............................ .with regard to the technology.
A pressure B satisfaction C intuition
D promotion E reliance F confidence
G information
Answer 31: G
Supporting Sentence: Dr Stella Pachidi from Cambridge Judge Business School believes that some of the most fundamental changes are happening as a result of the ‘algorithmication’ of jobs that are dependent on data rather than on production – the so-called knowledge economy.
Keyword: data, Stella Pachidi
Keyword Location: 2nd paragraph, 1st sentence
Explanation: The passage says that the fundamental changes depoended on data rather than production. Data also means information. Hence, information is the correct answer.
Answer32: E
Supporting Sentence: In cases like this, Pachidi believes, a short-sighted view begins to creep into working practices whereby workers learn through the ‘algorithm’s eyes’ and become dependent on its instructions.
Keyword: dependent, instructions
Keyword Location: 6th paragraph, second sentence
Explanation: In the supporting sentence, dependent means reliance and recommendations means instructions. This makes reliance the correct answer.
Answer33: C
Supporting Sentence: Alternative explorations – where experimentation and human instinct lead to progress and new ideas – are effectively discouraged.
Keyword: instinct, progress
Keyword Location: Sixth paragraph, 4th sentence
Explanation: The author in the sixth paragraph talks about instinct. This also means intuition. As per the passage, the staff is discourages from using their instinct. This makes intuition the correct answer.
Answer34: F
Supporting Sentence: It’s scenarios like these that many researchers are working to avoid. Their objective is to make AI technologies more trustworthy and transparent, so that organisations and individuals understand how AI decisions are made.
Keyword: trustworthy, understand
Keyword Location: 8th paragraph, 1st sentence
Explanation: The author talks about making technology more trustworthy and transparent. This will boost the confidence in the users. This makes confidence the correct answer.
Questions 35-40
Look at the following statements (Questions 35-40) and the list of people below.
Match each statement with the correct person, A, B or C.
Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 35-40 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
List of people
A Stella Pachidi
B Hamish Low
C Ewan McGaughey
- Greater levels of automation will not result in lower employment.
Answer: B
Supporting Sentence: The number of jobs will increase: we would expect there to be 150 jobs.
Keyword: hamish, expect, increase
Keyword Location: 10th paragraph, last sentence
Explanation: The 10th paragraph states that if robots and AI take half of our jobs, does not mean that we are left with half jobs as compared to before. Hamish Law states that the jobs will increase. This means greater automation will not lower employment.
- There are several reasons why AI is appealing to businesses.
Answer: A
Supporting Sentence: In many cases, they can outperform humans,’ says Pachidi..
Keyword: outperform
Keyword Location:3rd paragraph, 1st sentence
Explanation: Stella Pachidi says that AI can outrun humans. AI can do tasks perfectly based on perfect information. These tasks are without failure and hence, appealing to business.
- AI’s potential to transform people’s lives has parallels with major cultural shifts which occurred in previous eras.
Answer: C
Supporting Sentence: History is clear that change can mean redundancies.
Keyword: History, redundancies
Keyword Location: 12th paragraph, last line.
Explanation: here redundancy means unemployment because of no work. Hence this means AI can cause no work or unemployment as in the past. This makes C the correct answer.
- It is important to be aware of the range of problems that AI causes.
Answer: A
Supporting Sentence: We need to make sure we fully understand the dilemmas that this new world raises regarding expertise, occupational boundaries and control.
Keyword: understand, dilema, new world
Keyword Location: 8th paragraph, last sentence
Explanation: As per the author, understand means being aware , dilemma means problems raised by AI. This was said by Stella Pachidi and hence, A is the correct answer.
- People are going to follow a less conventional career path than in the past.
Answer: B
Supporting Sentence: The traditional trajectory of full-time education followed by full-time work followed by a pensioned retirement is a thing of the past,’ says Low.
Keyword: traditional, retirement
Keyword Location: 8th paragraph, 3rd sentence
Explanation: The passage states that Low says that pensioned retirement is a thing of the past. It is a conventional career path. Hence, B is the answer.
- Authorities should take measures to ensure that there will be adequately paid work for everyone
Answer: C
Supporting Sentence: McGaughey’s findings are a call to arms to leaders of organisations, governments and banks to pre-empt the coming changes with bold new policies that guarantee full employment, fair incomes and a thriving economic
democracy.
Keyword: guarantee, full-employment
Keyword Location: 2nd last paragraph, last sentence
Explanation: The author states that leaders of organisation should guarantee full employment, fair income and thriving economic democracy. This makes C the correct answer.
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