Nicotine Reading Answers
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Nicotine Reading Answers has 13 questions that are to be answered in 40 minutes. IELTS topic-Nicotine Reading Answers deals with evolution of communication. Nicotine IELTS reading question type has three kinds of questions. That is choosing the correct answer, identifying whether a statement can correspond to the passage, and writing the correct answer. Candidates need to skim through the passage for the best answer. Nicotine Reading Answers help students to prepare for IELTS exams.They can also refer to IELTS Reading practice papers.
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Section 1
Read the Passage to Answer the Following Questions
Nicotine Reading Answers
If it weren’t for nicotine, people wouldn’t smoke tobacco. Why? Because of the more than 4000 chemicals in tobacco smoke, nicotine is the primary one that acts on the brain, altering people’s moods, appetites and alertness in ways they find pleasant and beneficial. Unfortunately, as it is widely known, nicotine has a dark side: it is highly addictive. Once smokers become hooked on it, they must get their fix of it regularly, sometimes several dozen times a day. Cigarette smoke contains 43 known carcinogens, which means that long-term smoking can amount to a death sentence. In the US alone, 420,000 Americans die every year from tobacco-related illnesses.
Breaking nicotine addiction is not easy. Each year, nearly 35 million people make a concerted effort to quit smoking. Sadly, less than 7 percent succeed in abstaining for more than a year; most start smoking again within days. So what is nicotine and how does it insinuate itself into the smoker’s brain and very being?
The nicotine found in tobacco is a potent drug and smokers, and even some scientists, say it offers certain benefits. One is enhance performance. One study found that non-smokers given doses of nicotine typed about 5 percent faster than they did without it. To greater or lesser degrees, users also say nicotine helps them to maintain concentration, reduce anxiety, relieve pain, and even dampen their appetites (thus helping in weight control). Unfortunately, nicotine can also produce deleterious effects beyond addiction. At high doses, as are achieved from tobacco products, it can cause high blood pressure, distress in the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems and an increase in susceptibility to seizures and hypothermia.
First isolated as a compound in 1828, in its pure form nicotine is a clear liquid that turns brown when burned and smells like tobacco when exposed to air. It is found in several species of plants, including tobacco and, perhaps surprisingly, in tomatoes, potatoes, and eggplant (though in extremely low quantities that are pharmacologically insignificant for humans).
As simple as it looks, the cigarette is highly engineered nicotine delivery device. For instance, when tobacco researchers found that much of the nicotine in a cigarette wasn’t released when burned but rather remained chemically bound within the tobacco leaf, they began adding substances such as ammonia to cigarette tobacco to release more nicotine. Ammonia helps keep nicotine in its basic form, which is more readily vaporised by the intense heat of the burning cigarette than the acidic form. Most cigarettes for sale in the US today contain 10 milligrams or more of nicotine. By inhaling smoke from a lighted cigarette, the average smoker takes 1 or 2 milligrams of vaporised nicotine per cigarette. Today we know that only a miniscule amount of nicotine is needed to fuel addiction. Research shows that manufacturers would have to cut nicotine levels in a typical cigarette by 95% to forestall its power to addict. When a smoker puffs on a lighted cigarette, smoke, including vaporised nicotine, is drawn into the mouth. The skin and lining of the mouth immediately absorb some nicotine, but the remainder flows straight down into the lungs, where it easily diffuses into the blood vessels lining the lung walls. The blood vessels carry the nicotine to the heart which then pumps it directly to the brain While most of the effects a smoker seeks occur in the brain the heart takes a hit as well. Studies have shown that a smoker’s first cigarette of the day can increase his or her heart rate by 10 to 20 beats a minute. Scientists have found that a smoked substance reaches the brain more quickly than one swallowed, snorted (such as cocaine powder) or even injected. Indeed, a nicotine molecule inhaled in smoke will reach the brain within 10 seconds. The nicotine travels through blood vessels, which branch out into capillaries within the brain. Capillaries normally carry nutrients but they readily accommodate nicotine molecules as well. Once inside the brain, nicotine, like most addictive drugs, triggers the release of chemicals associated with euphoria and pleasure.
Just as it moves rapidly from the lungs into the bloodstream, nicotine also easily diffuses through capillary walls. It then migrates to the spaces surrounding neurones – ganglion cells that transmit nerve impulses throughout the nervous system. These impulses are the basis for our thoughts, feelings, and moods. To transmit nerve impulses to its neighbour, a neurone releases chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters. Like nicotine molecules, the neurotransmitters drift into the so-called synaptic space between neurones, ready to latch onto the receiving neurone and thus deliver a chemical “message” that triggers an electrical impulse.
The neurotransmitters bind onto receptors on the surface of the recipient neurone. This opens channels in the cell surface through which enter ions, or charged atoms, of sodium. This generates a current across the membrane of the receiving cell, which completes delivery of the “message”. An accomplished mimic, nicotine competes with the neurotransmitters to bind to the receptors. It wins and, like the vanquished chemical, opens ion channels that let sodium ions into the cell. But there’s a lot more nicotine around than the original transmitter, so a much larger current spreads across the membrane. This bigger current causes increased electrical impulses to travel along certain neurones. With repeated smoking, the neurones adapt to this increased electrical activity, and the smoker becomes dependent on the nicotine.
Section 2
Solution and Explanation
Questions 15-21
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer of Reading Passage 2? In Boxes 15 – 21 write:
YES if the statement agrees with the writer
NO if the statement doesn’t agree with the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
- Although nicotine is probably the well-known chemical in cigarettes, it is not necessarily the one that changes the psyche of the smoker when cigarettes are smoked.
Answer: NO
Supporting Sentence: nicotine is the primary one that acts on the brain, altering people’s moods,
Keywords: nicotine, altering people’s moods,
Keyword Location: Paragraph 1, lines 2-3
Explanation: The first paragraph does state that nicotine is the major component that reflects on the brain changing the moods of the people. The given statement contradicts this and therefore the answer is no.
- In spite of the difficulties, according to the text more than thirty-five million people a year give up smoking.
Answer: NO
Supporting Sentence: Each year, nearly 35 million people make a concerted effort to quit smoking. Sadly, less than 7 percent succeed
Keywords: Sadly, less than, 7 percent succeed
Keyword Location: Paragraph 2, line 2
Explanation: The second paragraph states that nearly 35 million people each year try to quit smoking, but only 7% of them succeed. Therefore the given statement is wrong and the answer is no.
- It has been shown that nicotine in cigarettes can improve people’s abilities to perform some actions more quickly.
Answer: YES
Supporting Sentence: One is enhance performance
Keywords: enhance performance
Keyword Location: Paragraph 3, line 2
Explanation: According to the third paragraph, it is believed that nicotine can boost performance of the people. Therefore the given statement can correspond to the passage and the answer is yes.
- Added ammonia in cigarettes allows smokers to inhale more nicotine.
Answer: YES
Supporting Sentence: they began adding substances such as ammonia to cigarette tobacco to release more nicotine.
Keywords: ammonia, release more nicotine
Keyword Location: Paragraph 5, line 4
Explanation: The fifth paragraph does state that ammonia is added in cigarette to increase the amount of nicotine. Therefore the answer is yes as the given statement can correspond to the passage.
- Snorted substances reach the brain faster than injected substances.
Answer: NOT GIVEN
Explanation: The given statement cannot be inferred with the passage.
- Nicotine dilates the blood vessels that carry it around the body.
Answer: NOT GIVEN
Explanation: The given statement cannot be inferred with the passage.
- Nicotine molecules allow greater electrical charges to pass between neurones.
Answer: YES
Supporting Sentence: Like nicotine molecules, the neurotransmitters drift into the so-called synaptic space between neurones,
Keywords: neurotransmitters, synaptic space, between neurones,
Keyword Location: Paragraph 8, lines 5-6
Explanation: The eighth paragraph states that nicotine molecules allow electricl charges to flow between neurones. Therefore the answer is yes as the given statement can correspond to the passage.
Questions 22-26
Using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER from Reading Passage 2, answer the following questions. Write your answers in boxes 22 – 26 on your answer sheet.
- What is the natural colour of nicotine?
Answer: clear
Supporting Sentence: First isolated as a compound in 1828, in its pure form nicotine is a clear liquid
Keywords: pure form nicotine, clear liquid
Keyword Location: Paragraph 4, line 1
Explanation: The fourth paragraph states that nicotine is a clear liquid at first. So the answer is clear.
- By how much would cigarette companies have to cut the nicotine content in cigarettes to prevent them from being addictive?
Answer: 95%
Supporting Sentence: Research shows that manufacturers would have to cut nicotine levels in a typical cigarette by 95% to forestall its power to addict.
Keywords: cut nicotine levels, 95%, forestall its power to addict.
Keyword Location: Paragraph 5, lines 10-11
Explanation: It is given that according to research, manufacturers would need to reduce the amount of nicotine in a typical cigarette by 95% to prevent addiction. So the answer is 95%.
- Name ONE of 2 things that first take nicotine into a smoker’s body?
Answer: Mouth lining
Supporting Sentence: The skin and lining of the mouth immediately absorb some nicotine,
Keywords: lining of the mouth, immediately, absorb some nicotine
Keyword Location: Paragraph 5, lines 12-13
Explanation: In paragraph 5, it is states that lining of the mouth immediately take nicotine into the body of the smoker. Therefore lining is the answer.
- According to the passage, by how many beats a minute can a cigarette raise a smoker’s heart rate?
Answer: 10-20
Supporting Sentence: Studies have shown that a smoker’s first cigarette of the day can increase his or her heart rate by 10 to 20 beats a minute
Keywords: smoker’s first cigarette, increase his or her heart rate, 10 to 20 beats
Keyword Location: Paragraph 5, lines 16-17
Explanation: The passage states that according to studies, a smoker's first cigarette of the day can cause their heart rate to rise by 10 to 20 beats per minute. Therefore 10-20 is the answer.
- What type of cell in the human body encloses neurones?
Answer: ganglion
Supporting Sentence: It then migrates to the spaces surrounding neurones – ganglion cells that transmit nerve impulses throughout the nervous system.
Keywords: ganglion cells, transmit nerve impulses, throughout the nervous system
Keyword Location: Paragraph 6, lines 2-3
Explanation: Ganglion cells are responsible for sending nerve impulses throughout the nervous system, according to the sixth paragraph. Therefore ganglion is the answer.
Question 27
From the list below choose the most suitable title for Reading Passage 2.
- How to Quit Smoking
- The Dangers of Smoking
- Cell Biology
- Why Smoking is Addictive
- Nicotine is a Poison
Answer: D Why Smoking is Addictive
Explanation: The entire passage talks about smoking and why it is addictive. Because of this the fourth option would be the most suited title for the passage.
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