Human Guinea Pig Reading Answers
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Human Guinea Pig Reading Answers is an IELTS reading topic that requires candidates to solve a given set of questions within 20 minutes. Human Guinea Pig Reading Answers has been referenced from the IELTS Book Cambridge IELTS Recent Actual Test. This IELTS academic reading topic; Human Guinea Pig Reading Answers comprises 13 questions. The question types in this IELTS reading topic that candidates are required to solve are; choose the correct letter, and true/false/not given. To practice more such reading passage candidates can refer to the IELTS reading practice papers.
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Section 1
Read the Passage to Answer the Following Questions
Human Guinea Pig Reading Answers
There are 50 million people in the world being used as guinea pigs in clinical trials testing experimental drugs. Apart from potentially risking part of their lives, applicants must pass a severe series of tests just to be able to participate in some trials. However, acceptance means more tests, negative side effects and a considerable disturbance to their daily lives. So what's in it for them? As journalist Alex O'Meara explains in Chasing Medical Miracles, some participate out of genuine altruism, whilst some are looking for cures for their own disorders. O'Meara having diabetes himself volunteered for a risky transplant of insulin- producing cells from the liver, and his story spread through the book.
O'Meara knows people choose to participate for life's great motivator: money. Clinical trials are a huge business, making up to $24 billion annually, and the cash they offer as compensation has become a sought-after way to make extra money. This exchange of money often involves people who are sick and vulnerable and emphasises the dark ethical waters in which current clinical trials are mired.
At intervals, the ill feel compelled to join a trial to get medical care. Some unethical researchers, desperate to recruit the large numbers needed to make their researchers statistically valid, take advantage of this. It can be difficult for ill people to take that, at best, they are taking experimental medicine and at worst they are taking nothing at all.
Desperation for money or medicine is never a basis for unbiased decision- making. How can a researcher be sure a person is giving their true consent? And if a person gets better as a result of taking an experimental drug, what happens when their drug supply finishes after the trial?
These ethical quandaries have influenced healthcare in develop countries where clinical trials are a prospering industry. According to Adriana Petryna in When Experiments Travel, in spite of the fact that drug companies are moving their trials to developing countries, only 10% of drug research addresses disorders that influence the world's poor. Such diseases make up to 90% of the global disease burden. Establishing ethical and legal responsibilities is also becoming harder, she reports. With an increased number of subcontractors included in trials, it is clear that no one is overly concerned about patient welfare.
Code should ensure that participants are not taking any positive effect. In reality, largely poor and illiterate populations are being exploited. Besides, ethical regulations in poor countries are rarely strict, therefore researchers can get away with recruiting people into HIV trials knowing that they will die without the experimental drug.
O'Meara also reports about drug company's greed and the inability of regulators to control the rapidly increasing number of trials. The US Food and Drug Administration inspects less than 1% of the 350,000 registered trial sites. Drug firms are managing non-profit organizations that are undertaking just 30% of trials. However, in spite of their faults, clinical trials are still an essential tool of modern medicine.
Section 2
Solution and Explanation
Questions 29-36
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
For testing experimental (29)..........., there are 50 million people being used as guinea pigs looking for remedies to (...)........... in clinical trials in spite of the risks throughout the world. Actually, that means people are both eager for life's considerable milestone of (31)........... to make up insufficient labour pay in their lives and .............. to participate in a trial. These ethical dilemmas have influenced health problems in (33)........... where drug companies encouraged their trials.
From these situations between (34).........................................rnational human rights frameworks like (35)............. should inform people of poverty of the poor countries which have a lack of (36)............ ethical regulations.
Question 29.
Answer: Drugs
Supporting Sentence: There are 50 million people in the world being used as guinea pigs in clinical trials testing experimental drugs.
Keywords: 50 million, guinea pigs, experimental drugs
Keyword Location: Paragraph 1, lines 1-2
Explanation: As mentioned in the reading passage; approximately 50 million individuals worldwide are participating in clinical trials for experimental drugs.
Question 30.
Answer: Their own disorders
Supporting Sentence: As journalist Alex O'Meara explains in Chasing Medical Miracles, some participate out of genuine altruism, whilst some are looking for cures for their own disorders.
Keywords: journalist, Chasing Medical Miracles, altruism
Keyword Location: paragraph 1, lines 5-6
Explanation: In his book "Chasing Medical Miracles," writer Alex O'Meara points out that some people take part in clinical trials for untested treatments. It was to help others, while others are looking for cure for their own
ailments.
Question 31.
Answer: Money
Supporting Sentence: O'Meara knows people choose to participate for life's great motivator: money. Clinical trials are a huge business, making up to $24 billion annually, and the cash they offer as compensation has become a sought-after way to make extra money.
Keywords: O'Meara, money, $24 billion
Keyword Location: Paragraph 2, lines 1-3
Explanation: According to O'Meara, one of the main incentives for participating in clinical trials is financial gain. The clinical trial industry generates billions of dollars in revenue each year. Further, the compensation offered
to participants has become an attractive source of additional income.
Question 32.
Answer: Illness
Supporting Sentence: At intervals, the ill feel compelled to join a trial to get medical care. Some unethical researchers, desperate to recruit the large numbers needed to make their researchers statistically valid, take
advantage of this.
Keywords: ill, medical care
Keyword Location: Paragraph 3, lines 1-3
Explanation: The sick may feel obligated to enrol in a study in order to receive medical care. Some unscrupulous researchers take advantage of this, desperate to attract the enormous sample sizes required to make their
findings statistically significant.
Question 33.
Answer: Developing countries
Supporting Sentence: According to Adriana Petryna in When Experiments Travel, in spite of the fact that drug companies are moving their trials to developing countries, only 10% of drug research addresses disorders that
influence the world's poor.
Keywords: Adriana Petryna, developing countries
Keyword Location: Paragraph 5, lines 2-4
Explanation: Even while pharmaceutical corporations are relocating their clinical trials to poorer nations, barely 10% of medication research focuses on ailments that affect the world's poor, according to Adriana Petryna in When Experiments Travel.
Question 34.
Answer: Ethical, legal responsiblities
Supporting Sentence: Establishing ethical and legal responsibilities is also becoming harder, she reports.
Keywords: ethical, legal responsibilities
Keyword Location: Paragraph 5, lines 5-6
Explanation: As stated in the reading passage; establishing moral and legal obligations is likewise getting more difficult.
Question 35.
Answer: (The) Nuremberg Code
Supporting Sentence: Code should ensure that participants are not taking any positive effect. In reality, largely poor and illiterate populations are being exploited.
Keywords: Code, positive, populations
Keyword Location: Paragraph 6, lines 1-2
Explanation: Code must make sure that participants are not having any beneficial effects. To be precise, illiterate and underprivileged communities are being taken advantage of.
Question 36.
Answer: Strict
Supporting Sentence: Besides, ethical regulations in poor countries are rarely strict, therefore researchers can get away with recruiting people into HIV trials knowing that they will die without the experimental drug.
Keywords: ethical, regulations, strict,
Keyword Location: Paragraph 6, lines 2-4
Explanation: In addition, ethical laws are rarely strictly enforced in developing nations. It allows researchers to enrol HIV-positive individuals in clinical trials even if they will perish without the experimental treatment.
Questions 37-39
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
- Whilst some choose to cure themselves, some participated due
Answer: Genuine Altruism
Supporting Sentence: As journalist Alex O'Meara explains in Chasing Medical Miracles, some participate out of genuine altruism, whilst some are looking for cures for their own disorders.
Keywords: journalist, Chasing Medical Miracles, altruism
Keyword Location: paragraph 1, lines 5-6
Explanation: In his book "Chasing Medical Miracles," writer Alex O'Meara points out that some people take part in clinical trials for untested treatments. It was to help others, while others are looking for cure for their own ailments.
- Hopelessness for it.....................................................does not work for fair decision-making.
Answer: Money, medicine
Supporting Sentence: O'Meara knows people choose to participate for life's great motivator: money. Clinical trials are a huge business, making up to $24 billion annually, and the cash they offer as compensation has
become a sought-after way to make extra money.
Keywords: O'Meara, money, $24 billion
Keyword Location: Paragraph 2, lines 1-3
Explanation: According to O'Meara, one of the main incentives for participating in clinical trials is financial gain. The clinical trial industry generates billions of dollars in revenue each year. Further, the compensation offered to participants has become an attractive source of additional income.
- Drug companies invest a lot of money in developing countries, causing............
Answer: Ethical Quandaries
Supporting Sentence: These ethical quandaries have influenced healthcare in develop countries where clinical trials are a prospering industry.
Keywords: ethical quandaries, clinical trials
Keyword Location: Paragraph 5, lines 1-2
Explanation: In developing nations where clinical trials are a thriving sector, healthcare has been impacted by these ethical conundrums.
Question 40
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Which of the following phrases best describes the main aim of Reading Passage 3?
- to warn the guinea pigs are likely to have financial problems
- to describe how clinical trials were rapidly increasing and how serious they were
- to suggest that the Nuremberg Code is needed in other countries
- to examine how drug companies promoted the use of guinea pigs
Answer: B
Supporting Sentence: These ethical quandaries have influenced healthcare in develop countries where clinical trials are a prospering industry.
Keywords: ethical quandaries, clinical trials
Keyword Location: Paragraph 5, lines 1-2
Explanation: In developing nations where clinical trials are a thriving sector, healthcare has been impacted by these ethical conundrums.
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