Biomolecules are an analysis of plant tissues, animal tissues and microbial mass which indicates that they are made using the same types of elements and compounds. Biomolecules is an important and scoring topic in Biology syllabus that needs to be appropriately studied so that candidates can get a good score in NEET 2021. 

You can expect 3-4 questions in biology from Biomolecules which also means with practice and proper knowledge you can score 12 to 16 positive marks directly from this section. Important notes of Biology for NEET on Biomolecules will be helpful for the aspirants to prepare for the exam. You can refer to the revision notes provided below that have all the essential concepts essential in grasping everything quickly.

Brief Notes on Biomolecules and Proteins

Biomolecules are macromolecules like amino acids, nitrogenous bases, fatty acids, sugar, etc. and macromolecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

Three kinds of macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids and polysaccharides exist in the living systems. Lipids, because of their association with membranes, can be separated in the macromolecular fraction.

Biomacromolecules are the polymers that are larger, have high molecular weight complex molecules that are formed by the condensation of biomacromolecules.

Proteins are heteropolymers that are made using amino acids. Proteins do numerous cellular functions and most of them are enzymes, antibodies, receptors, hormones, and some others are structural proteins.

• Proteins perform different functions in our living organisms. Proteins are present in the form of enzymes, hormones, tissue fibers that all are made up of proteins (collagen, elastin, etc.).
• Some of the protein molecules also take part in transportation (GLUT-4) across a membrane and also fight infection (antibodies).
• Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase is the enzyme in carbon fixation. They are proteins that are present in the maximum amount in the biosphere. Collagen is also the most abundant protein present inside animals.

What is the structure of proteins?

Proteins are heteropolymer of amino acids. A linear protein molecule includes amino acids that all are connected by a peptide bond. The other name of proteins is polypeptides.

Must Read: 

• NEET Study Notes for Ecosystems
• NEET Study Notes for Human Health and Disease
• NEET Study Notes for Microbes in Human Welfare

Sample Questions 

1. Which biomolecule is distributed vaster in a cell?

• Chloroplast
• RNA
• DNA
• Spaherosomes

The correct answer is B

2. Which acts as a reducing sugar?

• Galactose
• Gluconic acid
• Sucrose
• Ꞵ-methyl galactosidase

The correct answer is A

3. Most abundant RNA in the cell

• r-RNA
• m-RNA
• t-RNA
• t-RNA threonine

The correct answer is A

4. Which is the simplest amino acid

• Alanine
• Tyrosine
• Asparagine
• Glycine

The correct answer is D

5. Name the minerals linked to /cytochrome

• Mg
• Cu and Ag
• Fe
• Cu

The correct answer is C

6. Which is the most abundant biomolecule available on earth?

• Mineral salts
• Proteins
• Lipids
• Carbohydrates

The correct answer is D

7. Which is the strongest acid?

• MgO
• (d) Na2O
• CaO
• Al2O3

The correct answer is D

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Quick Notes on Amino Acids

Essential amino acids are required through diet. There are nine important amino acids which include valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, lysine, histidine, methionine and threonine

Non-essential amino acids are created inside the body. These acids include glycine, cysteine, glutamine, alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, asparagine, glutamic acid, among others.

Amino acids are of different types including basic (lysine), acidic (glutamic acid), and neutral (valine). They are categorized based on the R group present.

Key highlights of acids include:

• Amino acids are organic compounds
• Amino acids are substituted methanes. The ????- carbon has different substituents and therefore they are referred to as ????- amino acids
• The ????- carbon belongs to an amino group, carboxylic group, hydrogen and a variable R group
• Based on the nature of the R group, 20 amino acids are present in the proteins
• Amino acids are present in zwitterionic form, and it keeps on changing as per the pH of the solution. It changes to NH3+ (at low pH) and changes to COO– (at high pH)

Nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) are made up of nucleotides.

Polysaccharides are the parts of cell walls inside plants, fungi, and also of the exoskeleton of arthropods. They are also considered as storage forms of energy (like starch and glycogen).

Sample Questions

1. Which of the following is not polymeric?

• Carbohydrates
• Nucleic acids
• Proteins
• Lipids

The correct answer is D

2. The simplest form of amino acid is

• Glycine
• Alanine
• Asparagine
• Tyrosine

The correct answer is A

3. Most of the times, amino acids synthesised from

• fatty acids
• mineral salts
• ­ketoglutaric acid
• volatile acids

The correct answer is C

4. Amino acids with the aliphatic ‘R’ group is known as

• Glycine, alanine, leucine
• Serine, threonine, cysteine
• Lysine, arginine, histidine
• Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan

The correct answer is A

5. Which of the below-mentioned amino acids is not mandatory to be taken in the diet?

• histidine
• threonine
• serine
• lysine

The correct answer is C

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• NEET Study Notes for Molecular Basis of Inheritance
• NEET Study Notes for Biological Classification
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How To Analyze Chemical Composition?

To understand all the kinds of organic compounds that exist in the living organisms, one has to perform a chemical analysis.

To do so, we need any living tissue (a vegetable or a piece of liver, etc.) and then it in trichloroacetic acid (Cl3CCOOH) with the help of a mortar and pestle. A thick slurry is obtained. In case we have to strain through a cheesecloth or cotton, we will get two fractions, one is referred to as filtrate or the acid-soluble pool. While the second form is the retentate or the acid-insoluble fraction. Many scientists have observed numerous organic compounds in the acid-soluble pool.

What Are The Primary And Secondary Metabolites?

Primary metabolites are related to the growth, development, and reproduction of the organisms, they play an important role in maintaining normal physiological processes. These are mostly created during the growing phase due to energy metabolism and are important for proper growth. Some examples include some certain amino acids, ethanol, and lactic acid.

Secondary metabolites are typically organic compounds produced through the modification of primary metabolites. They don’t play any role in the overall growth, development, and reproduction part like primary metabolites and are mostly formed during the end or near the stationary phase of growth. Many of the identified secondary metabolites play an important role in ecological function, like defense mechanism by acting as antibiotics and by producing more pigments.

Sample Questions

1. Which of the following is not true in case of secondary metabolite?

• These compounds are important for the functioning of plants
• They are produced in more quantities
• They are derivatives of primary metabolites
• Their extraction form the plant is challenging

The correct answer is B

2. Deciduous biomes are present mainly in eastern half of the United states, Europe, Russia, China and Japan. Which of the following is true for the level of rainfall in these forest

• 20-30 inch/yr
• 50-60 inch/yr
• 30-40 inch/yr
• 40-50 inch/yr

The correct answer is B

3. Which of the following facts are accurate?

I. Polytypic Species-Species that have two or more varieties or subspecies

II. Endemic species-Species that are restricted to a specific area

III. Allopatric species-Species of different periods

IV. Sibling species-they are almost the same but do not interbreed

• I, II and III
• IV, III and I
• II, III and IV
• I, II and IV

The correct answer is D

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What Are Elements?

Based on the presence and requirement in plants and animals, elements are divided into major (Ca, Mg, S, K, , etc.) while the majors are divided into (Fe, Cu, Co, Mn, Mo, Zn, I) bio elements.

Based on the functions, elements have the following types:

• Framework elements: Include carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.
• Protoplasmic elements: Examples proteins, chlorophyll, nucleic acids, lipids, enzymes, etc.
• Balancing elements: Ca, Mg, and K.

Sample Questions

1. In the modern periodic table, the number of period of the element is equal to

• principal quantum number
• atomic number
• azimuthal quantum number
• atomic mass

The correct answer is A

2. What is the correct order for the size of I, I+, I– is

• I > I– > I+
• I > I+ > I–
• I– > I > I+
• I+ > I– > I

The correct answer is C

3. For the same value of n, the penetration power of orbital will be in which order

• s = p = d = f
• p > s > d > f
• f < d < p < s
• s < p < d < f

The correct answer is C

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What Are Enzymes And Its Classes?

Enzymes catalyze metabolic reactions inside our body, the majority of the enzymes are proteins, ribozymes are RNA, that all act as an enzyme. Enzymes have active sites where the particular substrate binds. A transient ES complex is created which is converted to EP complex and then the product is released with unchanged enzymes. An important property of Enzymes is that it gets damaged in case the temperature increases above 40℃, but enzymes of thermophilic organisms remain stable even in the higher temperature as well.

There are six major classes of enzymes including:

• Dehydrogenases or oxidoreductases- One of the substrates is oxidised and another gets reduced. Examples include oxidases, reductases, dehydrogenases
• Transferases- They catalyzes the transfer of a group from one to another. Some of its examples include transketolase, transaminasetransaldolase
• Hydrolases- Hydrolysis of many bonds like glycosidic, peptide, etc. Some of the examples include amylases, lipases, proteases, nucleases
• Lyases- Removal of a group by other than hydrolysis. A double bond is formed, e.g. aldolases, decarboxylases, fumarase, citrate synthase
• Isomerases- Formation of isomers (geometrical, positional, or optical). Some of its examples include epimerase, isomerase, mutase
• Ligases- It results when two compounds join together, results in the formation of C-O, C-S, C-N, P-O bonds, e.g. synthetases, carboxylases

Sample Questions

1. What is the nature of an enzyme

• Lipid
• Vitamin
• Carbohydrate
• Protein

The correct answer is D

2. In alcoholism, this enzyme is elevated?

• acid phosphatase
• hepatitis
• serum glutamate pyruvate trasmittase
• glutamyl transpeptidase

The correct answer is D

3. What is the count of genes that tells the synthesis of one enzyme?

• One
• Four
• Eight
• Sixteen

The correct answer is A

.4. The fastest enzyme is

• DNA gyrase
• Pepsin
• DNA polymerase
• Carbonic unhydrase

The correct answer is D

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What Is The Meaning Of Cofactors?

Cofactors are a non-protein component of enzymes that are needed for the activity of an enzyme. Apoenzyme are the protein part of the enzyme. Catalytic activity is once the cofactors are removed. There are divided into three types including:

• Prosthetic group- They are organic compounds, which are bound to the apoenzyme tightly. Some of the examples include haem, which is a group of enzymes catalase and peroxidase
• Co-enzymes- They are organic compounds linked with the enzyme for a shorter period.
• Metal ions- different metal ions work as cofactors and get attached to the active site. They form a coordination bond and also form a coordination bond with the substrate. Some of the examples include. Zn metal are the cofactor of carboxypeptidase

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Easy Definitions To Be Keep In Mind

• BIOLOGICAL COMPOUNDS

Inorganic compounds: Water 80%, inorganic salts 1-3%.

Organic compounds: Carbohydrates (1.0%), lipids (3.5%), proteins (12.0%), nucleotides (2.0%), other compounds (0.5%).

• CELLULAR POOL

Various kinds of biomolecules aggregated and interlinked in a living system is called cellular pool. It includes over 5000 chemicals.

• WATER

The major constituent of a cell (almost 60-90%) and exists in intracellular, intercellular as well as in vacuoles. In cells, they occur in a free-state or bound state.

• SOURCE OF CARBOHYDRATE

It is formed during photosynthesis and exists only in 1% but hold the majority (80%) of the dry weight of plants.

• COMPOSITION

It consists of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio CnH2nOn. It is also called saccharide with sugars being the basic components of saccharides.

Important Topics In Biomolecules

To begin preparing Biology for NEET 2021, the candidates need to consider important topics first and have information about their weightage, the best books to refer. Among all the topics, Animalia and Plantae look more confusing for the students, therefore, they need continuous practice for the same. Apart from this, Plant Physiology, Ecology, Molecular Basis of Inheritance, Biomolecules, etc. hold a lot of weightage.

Some of the important topics:

• Genetics
• Ecology & Environment
• Cell Biology
• Morphology
• Biomolecules
• Basics of Biotechnology
• Reproduction
• Physiology of Animals & Plants

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Previous Year Solved Sample Questions

1. Starch and cellulose are compounds that are made up of a combination of many units including:

• Simple sugar
• Fatty acid
• Glycerol
• Amino acid

The correct answer is Simple sugar

2. Which is the sweetest sugar

• Fructose
• Glucose
• Galactose
• Sucrose

The correct answer is A

3. Which of the below-mentioned is the characteristic of plants

• Glucose and cellulose
• Pyruvic acid and glucose
• Cellulose and starch
• Starch and pyruvic acid

Correct answer is: C

4. Which is a disaccharide

• Ribose
• Maltose
• Glucose
• Cellulose

Correct Answer is B

5. Inulin found in a plant cell is a

• Lipid
• Protein
• Polysaccharide
• Vitamin

Correct Answer is C

6. Pentoses and hexoses are the most common

• Disaccharides
• Monosaccharides
• Oligosaccharides
• Polysaccharides

The correct answer is B

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Tips For Studying Biomolecules

A few of the beneficial tips and strategies that will help the students prepare for the Biomolecules for NEET Biology exam include:

• Focus more on the understanding of biomolecules and enzymes
• Read different kinds of carbohydrates
• Function of protein
• How proteins differ from another amino acid
• What are the characteristics of numerous amino acids
• What are different protein structures and how they are related to each other?
• Functions of enzyme activators and inhibitors

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Effective Study Plan To Prepare For Neet 2021

Biomolecules is one of the toughest chapters in biology, which all the NEET aspirants encounter. This chapter doesn't look challenging to more content, but rather due to its versatility. There is much more to understand even in a single biomolecules chapter which makes it quite lengthy to study the entire chapter.

But in case we follow a study plan and keep a note of the following things, we can surely get a good score in biomolecules.

• First of all, refer to the lengthy content. Since it is more time consuming, preparing them initially will help you to feel relaxed.
• After that, make short notes from that big book, so that at the time of revision, you can open the notes to revise the content rather than referring to the book.
• You must also refer to the NCERT, as it will help in understanding things clearly.
• Try to remember every single term or facts written in the books. Check NEET 2021 Important Books
• Once you have completed your studies from NECET for the first time, try to do more questions of that chapter from any book. After solving those questions, refer to the NCERT again and trust us, you will now remember every single line of NCERT.
• Make tabular notes on important chapters, but don’t make them too big in size, else revising them at the end will become a daunting task for you.
• Tale more practice tests and solve more questions from the question bank or module.
• Memorize all the structures mentioned in NCERT and revise the syllabus from NCERT and from the notes, you prepared earlier.
• Biomolecules is an important chapter as it is basic to understand biochemistry, a subject which you will have to encounter in your first lecture at a medical school.
• So don’t miss out reading the chapter thoroughly and try to develop a better understanding of the same.
• Last but not the least, diagrams and the structure of the molecules are very important, so pay detailed focus on it as well.

Candidates adhering to the above-mentioned NEET preparation tips and strategies can get a good score in NEET Exam. So stay focused and follow a strong and effective preparation strategy while preparing for NEET 2021, which is just a few months away from now.