| S.No. | Topics |
| 1 | Atoms, Molecules and Chemical Arithmetic - Dalton’s atomic theory;
- Gay Lussac’s law of gaseous volume;
- Avogadro’s Hypothesis and its applications.
- Atomic mass; Molecular mass; Equivalent weight; Valency; Gram atomic weight; Gram molecular weight; Gram equivalent weight and mole concept; Chemical formulae; Balanced chemical equations;
- Calculations (based on mole concept) involving common oxidation – reduction, neutralization, and displacement reactions;
- Concentration in terms of mole fraction, molarity, molality and normality.
- Percentage composition, empirical formula and molecular formula; Numerical problems.
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| 2 | Atomic Structure - Concept of Nuclear Atom – electron, proton and neutron (charge and mass), atomic number.
- Rutherford’s model and its limitations;
- Extra nuclear structure; Line spectra of hydrogen atoms.
- Quantization of energy (Planck’s equation E = hν);
- Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom and its limitations,
- Sommerfeld’s modifications (elementary idea);
- The four quantum numbers, ground state electronic configurations of many electron atoms and mono – atomic ions;
- The Aufbau Principle; Pauli’s Exclusion Principle and Hund’s Rule.
- Dual nature of matter and light, de Broglie's relationship, Uncertainty principle;
- The concept of atomic orbitals, shapes of s, p and d orbitals (pictorial approach).
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| 3 | Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry - Radioactivity α-, β-, γ rays and their properties;
- Artificial transmutation; Rate of radioactive decay, decay constant, half-life and average age life period of radio-elements; Units of radioactivity; Numerical problems.
- Stability of the atomic nucleus – effect of neutron-proton (n/p) ratio on the modes of decay, group displacement law,
- Radioisotopes and their uses (C, P, Co and I as examples) isobars and isotones (definition and examples),
- Elementary idea of nuclear fission and fusion reactions.
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| 4 | The Periodic Table and Chemical Families - Modern periodic law (based on atomic number); Modern periodic table based on electronic configurations, groups (Gr. 1-18) and periods.
- Types of elements – representative (s-block and p- block), transition (d-block) elements and inner transition (f-block/lanthanides and actinides) and their general characteristics.
- Periodic trends in physical and chemical properties – atomic radii, valency, ionization energy, electron affinity, electronegativity, metallic character, acidic and basic characters of oxides and hydrides of the representative elements (up to Z = 36).
- Position of hydrogen and the noble gases in the periodic table; Diagonal relationships.
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| 5 | Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure - Valence electrons, the Octet rule, electrovalent, covalent and coordinate covalent bonds with examples;
- Properties of electrovalent and covalent compounds. Limitations of Octet rule (examples);
- Fajans Rule.
- Directionality of covalent bonds, shapes of poly – atomic molecules (examples);
- Concept of hybridization of atomic orbitals (qualitative pictorial approach): sp, sp2, sp3 and dsp2.
- Molecular orbital energy diagrams for homonuclear diatomic species – bond order and magnetic properties.
- Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) concept (elementary idea) – shapes of molecules. Concept of resonance (elementary idea), resonance structures (examples).
- Elementary idea about electronegativity, bond polarity and dipole moment, inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonding and its effects on physical properties (mp, bp and solubility);
- Hydrogen bridge bonds in diborane.
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| 6 | Coordination Compounds - Introduction,
- Double salts and complex salts, coordination compounds (examples only),
- Werner's theory, coordination number (examples of coordination number 4 and 6 only),
- Colour, magnetic properties and shapes,
- IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds.
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| 7 | Solid State - Classification of solids based on different binding forces: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea).
- Unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, packing efficiency, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell,
- Point defects, electrical and magnetic properties.
- Band theory of metals, conductors, semiconductors and insulators and n & p type semiconductors.
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| 8 | Liquid State - Vapour pressure,
- Viscosity and surface tension (qualitative idea only, no mathematical derivations).
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| 9 | Gaseous State - Measurable properties of gases.
- Boyle’s Law and Charles Law, absolute scale of temperature, kinetic theory of gases, ideal gas equation – average, root mean square and most probable velocities and their relationship with temperature.
- Dalton's Law of partial pressure, Graham's Law of gaseous diffusion.
- Deviations from ideal behavior.
- Liquefaction of gases, real gases, van der Waals equation; Numerical problems.
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| 10 | Chemical Energetics and Chemical Dynamics - Chemical Energetics – Conservation of energy principle, energy changes in physical and chemical transformations.
- First law of thermodynamics; Internal energy, work and heat, pressure – volume work;
- Enthalpy. Internal energy change (ΔE) and Enthalpy change (ΔH) in a chemical reaction.
- Hess's Law and its applications (Numerical problems).
- Heat of reaction, fusion and vaporization;
- Second law of thermodynamics; Entropy; Free energy; Criterion of spontaneity.
- Third law of thermodynamics (brief introduction).
- Chemical Equilibria – The Law of mass action, dynamic nature of chemical equilibria. Equilibrium constants, Le Chatelier's Principle.
- Equilibrium constants of gaseous reactions (Kp and Kc) and relation between them (examples).
- Significance of ΔG and ΔGº.
- Chemical Dynamics – Factors affecting the rate of chemical reactions (concentration, pressure, temperature, catalyst), Concept of collision theory. Arrhenius equation and concept of activation energy.
- Order and molecularity (determination excluded); First order reactions, rate constant, half – life (numerical problems), examples of first order and second order reactions.
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| 11 | Physical Chemistry of Solutions - Colloidal Solutions – Differences from true solutions;
- Hydrophobic and hydrophilic colloids (examples and uses); Coagulation and peptization of colloids;
- Dialysis and its applications; Brownian motion; Tyndall effect and its applications;
- Elementary idea of emulsion, surfactant and micelle.
Electrolytic Solutions – Specific conductance, equivalent conductance, ionic conductance, Kohlrausch’s law, Faraday’s laws of electrolysis, applications. Numerical problems. - Non-electrolytic Solutions – Types of solution, vapour pressure of solutions. Raoult’s Law;
- Colligative properties – lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure and their relationships with molecular mass (without derivations);
- Numerical problems.
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| 12 | Ionic and Redox Equilibria - Ionic equilibria – ionization of weak electrolytes, Ostwald’s dilution law.
- Ionization constants of weak acids and bases, ionic product of water, the pH – scale, pH of aqueous solutions of acids and bases;
- Buffer solutions, buffer action and Henderson equation.
- Acid-base titrations, acid – base indicators (structures not required).
- Hydrolysis of salts (elementary idea), solubility product, common ion effect (no numerical problems).
- Redox Equilibria: Oxidation – Reduction reactions as electron transfer processes, oxidation numbers, balancing of redox reactions by oxidation number and ion-electron methods.
- Standard electrode potentials (E°), Electrochemical series, feasibility of a redox reaction.
- Significance of Gibb’s equation: ΔG° = – nFΔE° (without derivation), no numerical problems.
- Redox titrations with (examples); Nernst equations (Numerical problems).
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| 13 | Hydrogen - Position of hydrogen in periodic table, occurrence, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen, hydrides-ionic covalent and interstitial;
- Physical and chemical properties of water, heavy water, hydrogen peroxide – preparation, reactions and structure and use; hydrogen as a fuel.
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| 14 | Chemistry of Non-Metallic Elements and their Compounds - Carbon – occurrence, isotopes, allotropes (graphite, diamond, fullerene); CO and CO2 production, properties and uses
- Nitrogen and Phosphorus – occurrence, isotopes, allotopes, isolation from natural sources and purification, reactivity of the free elements.
- Preparation, properties, reactions of NH3, PH3, NO, NO2, HNO2, HNO3, P4O10, H3PO3 and H3PO4
- Oxygen and Sulphur – Occurrence, isotopes, allotropic forms, isolation from natural sources and purification, properties and reactions of the free elements.
- Water, unusual properties of water, heavy water (production and uses). Hydrogen peroxide and ozone (production, purification, properties and uses).
- Halogens – comparative study, occurrence, physical states and chemical reactivities of the free elements, peculiarities of fluorine and iodine; Hydracids of halogens (preparation, properties, reactions and uses), interhalogen compounds (examples);
- Oxyacids of chlorine
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| 15 | Chemistry of Metals - General principles of metallurgy – occurrence, concentration of ores, production and purification of metals, mineral wealth of India.
- Typical metals (Na, Ca, Al, Fe, Cu and Zn) – occurrence, extraction, purification (where applicable), properties and reactions with air, water, acids and non metals.
- Manufacture of steels and alloy steel (Bessemer, Open-Hearth and L.D. process)
- Principles of chemistry involved in electroplating, anodizing and galvanizing
Preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4 - Lanthanoids – Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid
- contraction and its consequences
- Actinides – Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanide
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| 16 | Chemistry in Industry - Large scale production (including physicochemical principles where applicable, omitting technical details) and uses of Sulphuric acid (contact process),
- Ammonia (Haber’s process), Nitric acid (Ostwald’s process), sodium bi-carbonate and sodium carbonate (Solvay process)
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| 17 | Polymers - Natural and synthetic polymers, methods of polymerization (addition and condensation), copolymerization,
- Some important polymers – natural and synthetic like polythene, nylon polyester, bakelite, rubber.
- Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers
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| 18 | Surface Chemistry - Adsorption – physisorption and chemisorption, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids, catalysis, homogenous and heterogenous activity and selectivity;
- enzyme catalysis colloidal state distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspension; lyophilic , lyophobic multimolecular and macromolecular colloids;
- properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation, emulsion – types of emulsions
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| 19 | Environmental Chemistry - Common modes of pollution of air, water and soil.
- Ozone layer, ozone hole – important chemical reactions in the atmosphere, Smog; major atmospheric pollutants; GreenHouse effect;
- Global warming – pollution due to industrial wastes, green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution, strategies for control of environment pollution
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| 20 | Chemistry of Carbon Compounds - Hybridization of carbon: σ – and π – bonds
- Isomerism – constitutional and stereoisomerism;
- Geometrical and optical isomerism of compounds containing upto two asymmetric carbon atoms.
- IUPAC nomenclature of simple organic compounds – hydrocarbons, mono and bifunctional molecules only (alicyclic and heterocyclic compounds excluded) Conformations of ethane and n-butane (Newman projection only)
- Electronic Effects: Inductive, resonance and hyperconjugation.
- Stability of carbocation, carbanion and free radicals; Rearrangement of carbocation;
- Electrophiles and nucleophiles, tautomerism in β-dicarbonyl compounds, acidity and basicity of simple organic compounds
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| 21 | Compounds - Alkanes – Preparation from alkyl halides and carboxylic acids; Reactions — halogenation and combustion
- Alkenes and Alkynes – Preparation from alcohols;
- Formation of Grignard reagents and their synthetic applications for the preparation of alkanes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and acids;
- SNl and SN2 reactions (preliminary concept).
- Markownikoff’s and anti-Markovnikov's additions; Hydroboration; Oxymercuration-demercuration, reduction of alkenes and alkynes (H2/Lindler catalyst and Na in liquid NH3), metal acetylides
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| 22 | Haloalkanes and Haloarenes - Haloalkanes – Preparation from alcohols;
- Nomenclature, nature of C -X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions, optical rotation
- Formation of Grignard reagents and their synthetic applications for the preparation of alkanes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and acids; SN1 and SN2 reactions (preliminary concept)
- Uses and environmental effects of - dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT
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| 23 | Alcohol - Preparation of alcohols from carbonyl compounds and esters.
- Reaction – dehydration, oxidation, esterification, reaction with sodium, ZnCl2/HCl, phosphorus halides
- Ethers – Preparation by Williamson’s synthesis;
- Cleavage with HCl and HI
Aldehydes and Ketones – Preparation from esters, acid chlorides, gem-dihalides, - Ca-salt of carboxylic acids. Reaction – Nucleophilic addition with HCN, hydrazine, hydroxyl amines, semi carbazides, alcohols; Aldol condensation, Clemmensen and Wolff – Kishner reduction, haloform, Cannizzaro and Wittig reactions
- Carboxylic Acids – Hydrolysis of esters (mechanism excluded) and cyanides; Hunsdicker and HVZ reactions
- Aliphatic Amines – Preparation from nitro, cyano and amino compounds. Distinction of 1º, 2º and 3º amines (Hinsberg method); Reaction with HNO2; Carbylamine reaction
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| 24 | Aromatic Compounds - Benzene – Kekule structure, aromaticity and Hückel rule. Electrophilic substitution – halogenation, sulfonation, nitration, Friedel Crafts reaction, ozonolysis
- Directive influence of substituents in monosubstituted benzenes. Carcinogenicity and toxicity
- Amines – Preparation from reduction of nitro compounds; Formation of diazonium salts and their stability;
- Replacement of diazonium group with H, OH, X (halogen), CN and NO2, diazo coupling and reduction
- Haloarenes – Nature of C -X bond, substitution reactions; Nucleophilic substitution, cine substitution (excluding mechanism, Directive influence of halogen in monosubstituted compounds only)
- Phenols – halogenation, sulfonation, nitration, Reimer – Tiemann and Kolbe reactions
- Aromatic Aldehydes – Preparation by Gattermann, Gattermann-Koch, Rosenmund and Stephen’s method. Reactions – Perkin, Benzoin and Cannizzaro
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| 25 | Application Oriented chemistry - Main ingredients, their chemical natures (structures excluded) and their side effects, if any, of common antiseptics, analgesics, antacids, vitamin-C
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| 26 | Introduction to Biomolecules - Carbohydrates – Pentoses and hexoses. Distinctive chemical reactions of glucose.
- Amino Acids – glycine, alanine, aspartic acid, cysteine (structures). Zwitterion structures of amino acids, peptide bonds.
- ADP and ATP – structures and role in bioenergetics; Nucleic acids – DNA and RNA skeleton structures. Names of essential elements in biological system
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| 27 | Principles of Qualitative Analysis - Detection of water soluble non-interfering Acid and Basic Radicals by dry and wet tests from among: Acid Radicals: Cl-, S2-, SO42-, NO3–, CO32-. Basic Radicals: Cu2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Fe2+, Zn2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, NH4+
- Detection of special elements (N, Cl, Br, I and S) in organic compounds by chemical tests.
- Identification of functional groups in: phenols, aromatic amines, aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids.
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