?Human geography courses focus on the social and spatial effects of the growth of cities, including issues such as the historical evolution of urban form and function, land-use changes and conflicts, economic restructuring, the growth and decline of inner cities, and urban racial and ethnic relations. Physical geography courses focus on major environmental systems including the hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. Geographical analysis courses provide skills in geographic information systems science and technology, remote sensing and spatial analysis. Particular emphasis is placed on the human modification of the natural environment and the global interconnections of the major earth systems.