1. Develop a conceptual framework for understanding the system by identifying the key physical principles, relationships, and constraints underlying the system;2. Translate that conceptual framework into an appropriate mathematical format/model;3.? (a) If the mathematical model/equations are analytically tractable, carry out the analysis of the problem to completion (by demonstrating knowledge of and proficiency with the standard mathematical tools of physics and engineering);?(b) If the model/equations are not tractable, develop a computer code and/or use standard software/programming languages (e.g., Matlab, Maple, Python) to numerically simulate the model system;4. Intelligently analyze, interpret, and assess the reasonableness of the answers obtained and/or the model's predictions;5. Effectively communicate their findings (either verbally and/or via written expression) to diverse audiences.